No country has more tuberculosis problems than India, with more than 9.4 million new cases each year. Yet, although Indian research played a critical role in the development of the global strategy to stop the disease, Indian industry and academics have not developed any new tools such as diagnostics, drugs or vaccines.

Why has India failed to innovate in TB research and development? To understand this better, we recently organized a conference at St John's Research Institute in Bangalore, bringing together for the first time more than 200 representatives from industry, government, donors, academia, civil society and the media to discuss what it takes to innovate in TB diagnostics in India and to move from importation and imitation to innovation.

India has already made big contributions in generic drugs and vaccines, and successes in areas such as information technology and mobile telephony have greatly inspired a burgeoning biotechnology industry. With a strong, growing economy, and a large talent pool, there is great potential for India to contribute to what is called as the "More (value) for less (cost) for more (people) or MLM innovation," especially in the area of healthcare technologies and delivery innovations.

It is often said that industry interest in TB is low in part because the disease mostly affects the poor in developing countries. While this is true, should India’s problem not translate into a large global market for companies? What exactly is the size and nature of the TB diagnostics market in India and elsewhere? A preliminary analysis by McKinsey and Company suggests that the TB diagnostics market in India might be in the ballpark of about US$100 million, although there was uncertainty surrounding the estimates from the private sector.

The Indian control program screens over 7.5 million people with suspected active TB every year, and a similar number is likely to seek care in the private sector. Thus, 15 million persons with suspected TB should translate into a fairly sizeable Indian market. In addition, diagnostics will be needed to diagnose extrapulmonary TB, MDR-TB, childhood TB, and latent TB infection. If a good point-of-care test were to be developed, it might open the option of intensive and active case finding. Furthermore, if a new test were to be developed on a platform that could be used for other diseases, then this opens new markets beyond TB. Lastly, there is a large potential market outside of India. Clearly, we need a more detailed TB market size analysis to engage both industry and funders.

The TB community has done a poor job of articulating its needs. 'What products should we develop, and if we did develop products who will purchase them?' is a key question that industry representatives asked.

A presentation by a senior screening program official provided some clues: What the program needs most is a new point-of-care test for active TB that is simple, easy, cheap and can be performed with minimal training at primary healthcare level; in addition, the program needs an indigenous, economical, simple, automated (battery operated) or manual molecular test to detect drug resistance that can be done in a peripheral lab with minimal training. This wish list is a great place to start, but will need to be converted into clearly defined target product profiles that test developers and funders can aim for.

Other concerns raised by the industry include lack of access to Indian sample repositories for test development and validation, and limited funding and research and development facilities for TB; poor regulatory mechanisms to evaluate new tests and assure quality; unclear pre-qualification process for tests by the World Health Organization; lack of venture capital funding for research and development and lack of celebrity or philanthropic support from within India; lack of awareness about funding opportunities, weak or non-existent collaboration between screening program and industry, between industry and clinicians, industry and academia. In addition, there are the usual barriers to innovation in India.

Companies, especially those not working in TB, want "mentorship" or technical advice, and it is not clear who they can approach for issues specific to TB. When and how should companies engage with agencies such as the World Health Organization globally and the screening program within India for advice, possible endorsement or evaluation? What is the procedure for companies to access the government market for TB tests? How will the will the screening program decide on which tests to scale-up, and how much is it willing to spend?

As more TB products get developed, it is not clear which agency or organization can conduct head-to-head validation studies to identify the best products for scale-up. More importantly, which agency or organization should take on an "honest broker" role to bring together key stakeholders that make up the complete value chain for innovations in India?

Increased industry involvement and investment in research and development is an important goal. While the Bangalore conference was clearly a first step to begin a dialogue among the various stakeholders, it became clear that a lot more work is needed to address the needs articulated by the industry. Innovations will also require the support of civil society, media, and patient groups which can bring attention to the need for new tools, advocating for scale-up of new products that are already available, and advocacy for increased investment in research and development. Lastly, if new tools have to be adopted and scaled-up to achieve impact, health system design and delivery innovations are equally important. (CNS)

(Dr Madhukar Pai is a professor and TB researcher based at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, and co-chair of the Stop TB Partnership's New Diagnostics Working Group (NDWG), as a consultant to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The views expressed in this article are the author's own.)